Commercial

Community Benefits Charges: What Toronto Charges Developers for Every Extra Floor of Density

A practical guide to Ontario Community Benefits Charges (CBC) under Planning Act s.37: the 4% of land value ceiling, the valuation date (day before first building permit), the five-storey AND ten-unit trigger, statutory exemptions, and how CBC differs from development charges and parkland dedication. Includes the Bill 108 / Bill 197 / Bill 23 timeline.

社区福利金（Community Benefits Charge）：开发商多盖的那几层楼，市政府要收多少钱

安省社区福利金（Community Benefits Charge, CBC）完全指南：Planning Act 第 37 条授权，上限为土地价值的 4%，估值日为首个建筑许可签发前一天，只对五层以上且新增十个以上住宅单位的项目适用。讲清 CBC 与 Development Charges、公园地捐献的区别，以及 Bill 108 / Bill 197 / Bill 23 三轮修订。

The Letter of Intent (LOI) in Commercial Real Estate: Why You Sign a “Non-Binding” Document Anyway

A practical guide to the Letter of Intent (LOI) in commercial real estate: what an LOI actually buys you, the standard split between non-binding commercial terms and binding provisions (confidentiality, exclusivity, expenses, governing law), how courts decide whether a “non-binding” LOI actually binds you, and how the LOI anchors the eventual purchase agreement.

商业地产的意向书（LOI）：一份不具约束力的文件，为什么律师还是要你签

商业地产意向书（Letter of Intent, LOI）完全指南：LOI 的典型条款结构、为什么主体 non-binding 但保密／排他／费用承担／适用法律这几条是 binding、安省法院怎么判断一份 LOI 是否真的不具约束力、LOI 和正式 APS 的关系，以及写不好的 LOI 怎么反过来把你锁死。商业买家必读。

Buying a Retail Plaza: The Co-Tenancy Clause That Can Crater Your Rent Roll When the Anchor Leaves

A due-diligence guide to co-tenancy clauses for Ontario retail plaza buyers: opening vs operating/ongoing co-tenancy, how triggers are drafted (named key stores, GLA percentage, occupancy thresholds), the tenant remedy menu (alternate rent, going dark, termination), what the Old Navy v Eglinton Town Centre decision teaches, and the landlord-side protections you want to see in every lease.

买零售广场（Retail Plaza）前必查的共同承租条款（Co-Tenancy）：主力店一走，你的租金跟着崩

安省零售广场买家必读：共同承租条款（Co-Tenancy Clause）完全指南。开业前 opening co-tenancy 与开业后 operating／ongoing co-tenancy 的区别、触发门槛（具名主力店／占用率／GLA 百分比）、租客的三种救济（减租、go dark、终止租约）、Old Navy v Eglinton Town Centre 判例教训，以及尽调期怎么把这颗雷查出来。

Can You Sever Your Farm? The Minimum Distance Separation (MDS) Formula Decides Before Planning Staff Do

How Ontario's Minimum Distance Separation (MDS) formula governs farm severances before a planner ever reviews the file: MDS I vs MDS II, the Building Base Distance F = Factor A × B × D × E, why Factor B uses your neighbour's POTENTIAL herd (2× or 3×, capped at 300/450/600 NU), and why the Type A (1.1) to Type B (2.2) switch doubles the setback. Sourced to OMAFRA Publication 853.

农地能不能分割？Minimum Distance Separation（MDS）公式先于你的分割申请说了算

安省农地分割（consent / severance）的先决门槛：OMAFRA 的 Minimum Distance Separation（MDS）公式。MDS I 与 MDS II 的区别、建筑基准距离 F = Factor A × B × D × E 怎么算、动物单位与「潜在扩建容量」为什么把距离推远、Type A（1.1）与 Type B（2.2）为什么直接翻倍。农地买家与投资者必读。